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Supplement
Studies Every claim scored against a published method, with the sources attached.

The evidence is public. It is also scattered across paywalls, PDFs and press releases. We read it, score it, and show our working — including when the answer is that the supplement does nothing.

25Supplements

104Claims scored

171Sources cited

0Paid placements

What we found

Melatonin88%of gummy products were inaccurately labelled. Actual content ranged from 74% to 347% of the amount stated. One contained no melatonin at all.Creatine+0.15 kgwas the entire bench-press gain in women across 69 trials. In adults over 50, no significant strength gain on any lift.Vitamin D64,086participants across 46 trials. The protective effect against respiratory infection found in 2021 no longer reaches significance.GlucosamineP=0.02Industry-funded trials reported larger effects than independent ones. Formally tested as an interaction, not merely alleged.NMNNAD+ ↑rises reliably. “Most of the clinically relevant outcomes were not significantly different between NMN and control.”AshwagandhaCategory CLiverTox rates it a probable cause of clinically apparent liver injury. Denmark has banned it; France issued a formal risk opinion.CoQ10HR 0.51All-cause mortality halved over two years in heart failure — while showing no difference at all in symptoms at 16 weeks.Curcumin19 of 25meta-analyses were rated very low quality by formal appraisal. Only nine of the twenty-five were preregistered.Vitamin E1.00 vs 0.92Two large meta-analyses of the same question reached opposite conclusions on whether high doses raise mortality.Magnesium3 trialssupport the sleep claim, in 151 people, at low to very low certainty. The blood-pressure evidence runs to 38 trials and is barely marketed.

The supplements

8 claimsCreatineMonohydrate 4 claimsMagnesiumBisglycinate / citrate 4 claimsVitamin DD3 / cholecalciferol 4 claimsVitamin EAlpha-tocopherol 4 claimsOmega-3EPA / DHA 4 claimsMelatoninImmediate release 4 claimsAshwagandhaWithania somnifera 4 claimsCurcuminTurmeric extract 4 claimsCoQ10Ubiquinone / ubiquinol 4 claimsBerberineBerberine HCl 4 claimsGlucosamine & ChondroitinSulfate / HCl 4 claimsMultivitaminsBroad spectrum 4 claimsAlpha-Lipoic AcidALA / thioctic acid 4 claimsAcetyl-L-CarnitineALCAR 4 claimsNMNNicotinamide mononucleotide 4 claimsNicotinamide RibosideNR chloride 4 claimsBiotinVitamin B7 4 claimsSt John’s WortHypericum perforatum 4 claimsRed Yeast RiceMonascus fermentate 4 claimsPsyllium FibrePlantago ovata husk 4 claimsBovine ColostrumFirst milk, spray dried 4 claimsZincAcetate / gluconate lozenges 4 claimsVitamin B12Cyanocobalamin / methylcobalamin 4 claimsResveratrolTrans-resveratrol 4 claimsTaurineFree amino acid

How it works

Claims, not supplements

A supplement has no single truth value. Creatine scores 8.3 for strength in trained young men and 3.8 for cognition in rested adults. One number would destroy the only information that matters.

Four scored dimensions

Quantity, quality, consistency and directness, weighted so that study quality outranks study count. Twenty weak trials do not beat two good ones. The formula is published.

A range, not a point

Every score carries an uncertainty band. Wide means the next well-powered trial could move it. Narrow means the question is close to settled.

Doses are reported, not recommended

Where a dose appears it is the dose used in the cited trial, with the source attached. We report what was studied. We do not tell you what to take.

Read the full method

Not yet reviewed

18 supplements are queued and unscored. They are listed here rather than published with placeholder verdicts, because a page that looks finished and is not is worse than no page: Protein Powder · Probiotics · Collagen · Iron · Rhodiola rosea · Glycine · L-Theanine · Caffeine · Vitamin C · Beta-Alanine · Vitamin K2 · Folate · Calcium · Vitamin B6 · Shilajit · Lion’s Mane · Beetroot · Saw Palmetto.